Debug Express

Per vedere tutti i log interni utilizzati in Express, imposta la variabile d’ambiente DEBUG su express:* quando lancia la tua app.

$ DEBUG=express:* node index.js

Su Windows, utilizzare il comando corrispondente.

> $env:DEBUG = "express:*"; node index.js

L’esecuzione di questo comando nell’app predefinita generata dal express generator stampa il seguente output:

$ DEBUG=express:* node ./bin/www
  express:router:route new / +0ms
  express:router:layer new / +1ms
  express:router:route get / +1ms
  express:router:layer new / +0ms
  express:router:route new / +1ms
  express:router:layer new / +0ms
  express:router:route get / +0ms
  express:router:layer new / +0ms
  express:application compile etag weak +1ms
  express:application compile query parser extended +0ms
  express:application compile trust proxy false +0ms
  express:application booting in development mode +1ms
  express:router use / query +0ms
  express:router:layer new / +0ms
  express:router use / expressInit +0ms
  express:router:layer new / +0ms
  express:router use / favicon +1ms
  express:router:layer new / +0ms
  express:router use / logger +0ms
  express:router:layer new / +0ms
  express:router use / jsonParser +0ms
  express:router:layer new / +1ms
  express:router use / urlencodedParser +0ms
  express:router:layer new / +0ms
  express:router use / cookieParser +0ms
  express:router:layer new / +0ms
  express:router use / stylus +90ms
  express:router:layer new / +0ms
  express:router use / serveStatic +0ms
  express:router:layer new / +0ms
  express:router use / router +0ms
  express:router:layer new / +1ms
  express:router use /users router +0ms
  express:router:layer new /users +0ms
  express:router use / <anonymous> +0ms
  express:router:layer new / +0ms
  express:router use / <anonymous> +0ms
  express:router:layer new / +0ms
  express:router use / <anonymous> +0ms
  express:router:layer new / +0ms

Quando viene fatta una richiesta all’applicazione, vedrete i registri specificati nel codice Express:

  express:router dispatching GET / +4h
  express:router query  : / +2ms
  express:router expressInit  : / +0ms
  express:router favicon  : / +0ms
  express:router logger  : / +1ms
  express:router jsonParser  : / +0ms
  express:router urlencodedParser  : / +1ms
  express:router cookieParser  : / +0ms
  express:router stylus  : / +0ms
  express:router serveStatic  : / +2ms
  express:router router  : / +2ms
  express:router dispatching GET / +1ms
  express:view lookup "index.pug" +338ms
  express:view stat "/projects/example/views/index.pug" +0ms
  express:view render "/projects/example/views/index.pug" +1ms

Per vedere i log solo dall’implementazione del router, imposta il valore di DEBUG su express:router. Allo stesso modo, per vedere i log solo dall’implementazione dell’applicazione, imposta il valore di DEBUG su express:application, e così via.

Using debug in your own code

The same debug module that Express uses internally is available for your application code. Install it, create one or more loggers scoped to a namespace of your choosing, and call them wherever you would otherwise use console.log:

npm install debug

yarn add debug

pnpm add debug

bun add debug

const express = require('express');
const debug = require('debug')('myapp:server');

const app = express();

app.get('/', (req, res) => {
  debug('handling request from %s', req.ip);
  res.send('Hello World!');
});

app.listen(3000, () => {
  debug('listening on port 3000');
});

import express from 'express';
import debugModule from 'debug';

const debug = debugModule('myapp:server');
const app = express();

app.get('/', (req, res) => {
  debug('handling request from %s', req.ip);
  res.send('Hello World!');
});

app.listen(3000, () => {
  debug('listening on port 3000');
});

These statements print nothing by default. Enable them through the same DEBUG environment variable, using your own namespace:

$ DEBUG=myapp:* node index.js

È possibile specificare più di uno spazio dei nomi di debug assegnando una lista di nomi separati da virgole:

$ DEBUG=myapp:*,express:router node index.js

Setting DEBUG in your IDE

The DEBUG environment variable can be set by any process launcher that supports environment variables, including the run and debug configurations of your IDE. For example, in VS Code you can set it in the env property of a launch configuration:

{
  "type": "node",
  "request": "launch",
  "name": "Launch Express app",
  "program": "${workspaceFolder}/index.js",
  "env": { "DEBUG": "express:*" }
}

See Node.js debugging in VS Code for the full list of launch options.

Using the Node.js inspector

Debug logs show what the app did; for stepping through your code with breakpoints, use the built-in Node.js inspector. Start your app with the --inspect flag:

$ node --inspect index.js

Then attach a debugging client, such as Chrome DevTools (open chrome://inspect), VS Code, or any other inspector-capable tool, to set breakpoints in your route handlers and middleware, step through code, and inspect variables.

If you need to debug something that happens during startup, use --inspect-brk instead, which pauses execution on the first line until a debugger attaches. See the Node.js debugging guide for details.

Debugging the HTTP layer

Express runs on top of the Node.js http module, which has its own debugging facilities that work with any Express app.

Setting the NODE_DEBUG environment variable to http makes Node.js print internal logs from the HTTP layer, such as connection handling and socket events:

$ NODE_DEBUG=http node index.js

You can combine it with other subsystems, such as net or stream, in a comma-separated list. Be aware that this output can expose sensitive data such as authentication headers, so use it only in development.

Diagnostics channels

Node.js publishes an event for every HTTP request through the diagnostics_channel module, which you can subscribe to without patching Express or adding middleware:

const { subscribe } = require('node:diagnostics_channel');

subscribe('http.server.request.start', ({ request }) => {
  console.log(`${request.method} ${request.url}`);
});

import { subscribe } from 'node:diagnostics_channel';

subscribe('http.server.request.start', ({ request }) => {
  console.log(`${request.method} ${request.url}`);
});

Other built-in channels cover the rest of the request lifecycle, such as http.server.response.finish, and the client side of http.request calls. See the diagnostics_channel documentation for the full list.

Opzioni avanzate

Quando si esegue attraverso Node.js, è possibile impostare alcune variabili di ambiente che cambieranno il comportamento della registrazione di debug: