Middleware verwenden
Express is a routing and middleware web framework with minimal functionality of its own: an Express application is essentially a series of middleware function calls executed during the request-response cycle.
Middleware functions are functions that have access to:
- The request object (
req) - The response object (
res) - The next middleware function in the application’s request-response cycle, commonly named
next
Middleware-Funktionen können folgende Aufgaben ausführen:
- Führe jeden Code aus.
- Modify the request and response objects.
- Beende den Request-Antwort-Zyklus.
- Pass control to the next middleware function.
If a middleware function does not end the request-response cycle, it must call next() to pass control to the next middleware function. Andernfalls bleibt die Anfrage hängen.
Eine Express-Anwendung kann folgende Arten von Middleware verwenden:
- Middleware
- Router-Level-Middleware
- Error-handling middleware
- Integrierte Middleware
- Middleware von Drittanbietern
Sie können Middleware auf Anwendungsebene und Routerebene mit einem optionalen Mount-Pfad laden. Multiple middleware functions can also be loaded together, which creates a middleware sub-stack at a mount point.
Middleware auf Anwendungsebene
Bind application-level middleware to an instance of the app object by using the app.use() and app.METHOD() functions, where METHOD is the lowercase HTTP method of the request that the middleware function handles, such as get, post, put, or delete.
Middleware without a mount path
The following middleware function runs every time the app receives a request:
const express = require('express');const app = express();
app.use((req, res, next) => { console.log('Time:', Date.now()); next();});import express from 'express';
const app = express();
app.use((req, res, next) => { console.log('Time:', Date.now()); next();});import express, { type Express, type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
const app: Express = express();
app.use((req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('Time:', Date.now()); next();});Middleware mounted on a path
The following middleware function runs for any type of HTTP request on the /user/:id path:
app.use('/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next();});import { type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
app.use('/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next();});Routenhandler
Dieses Beispiel zeigt eine Route und deren Handler-Funktion (Middleware-System). Die Funktion bearbeitet GET-Anfragen an den Pfad /user/:id.
app.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => { res.send('USER');});import { type Request, type Response } from 'express';
app.get('/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response) => { res.send('USER');});Middleware sub-stacks
Multiple middleware functions can be loaded together at a mount point to form a middleware sub-stack. This example prints request info for any type of HTTP request to the /user/:id path:
app.use( '/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl); next(); }, (req, res, next) => { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next(); });import { type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
app.use( '/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl); next(); }, (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next(); });Multiple route handlers
Routenhandler ermöglichen es Ihnen, mehrere Routen für einen Pfad zu definieren. Das folgende Beispiel definiert zwei Routen für GET-Anfragen zum Pfad /user/:id. Die zweite Route wird keine Probleme verursachen, aber sie wird nie aufgerufen, weil die erste Route den Request-Antwort-Zyklus beendet.
app.get( '/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { console.log('ID:', req.params.id); next(); }, (req, res) => { res.send('User Info'); });
// handler for the /user/:id path, which prints the user IDapp.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => { res.send(req.params.id);});import { type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
app.get( '/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('ID:', req.params.id); next(); }, (req: Request, res: Response) => { res.send('User Info'); });
// handler for the /user/:id path, which prints the user IDapp.get('/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response) => { res.send(req.params.id);});Skipping to the next route
Call next('route') to skip the remaining middleware functions in a router middleware stack and pass control to the next route.
Note
next('route') funktioniert nur in Middleware-Funktionen, die mit den Funktionen
app.METHOD() oder router.METHOD() geladen wurden.
In the following example, if the user ID is 0, the first handler skips to the next route, which sends a special response:
app.get( '/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { // if the user ID is 0, skip to the next route if (req.params.id === '0') next('route'); // otherwise pass the control to the next middleware function in this stack else next(); }, (req, res) => { // send a regular response res.send('regular'); });
// handler for the /user/:id path, which sends a special responseapp.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => { res.send('special');});import { type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
app.get( '/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { // if the user ID is 0, skip to the next route if (req.params.id === '0') next('route'); // otherwise pass the control to the next middleware function in this stack else next(); }, (req: Request, res: Response) => { // send a regular response res.send('regular'); });
// handler for the /user/:id path, which sends a special responseapp.get('/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response) => { res.send('special');});Reusable middleware arrays
Middleware functions can also be grouped into arrays for better reusability. Dieses Beispiel zeigt ein Array mit einem Middleware-Sub-Stack an, das GET-Anfragen im Pfad /user/:id behandelt
function logOriginalUrl(req, res, next) { console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl); next();}
function logMethod(req, res, next) { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next();}
const logStuff = [logOriginalUrl, logMethod];app.get('/user/:id', logStuff, (req, res) => { res.send('User Info');});import { type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
function logOriginalUrl(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) { console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl); next();}
function logMethod(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next();}
const logStuff = [logOriginalUrl, logMethod];app.get('/user/:id', logStuff, (req: Request, res: Response) => { res.send('User Info');});Middleware auf Routerebene
Router-level middleware works the same way as application-level middleware, except it is bound to an instance of express.Router().
const router = express.Router();import express from 'express';
const router = express.Router();Laden Sie die Middleware router-level mittels der Funktionen router.use() und router.METHOD().
Der folgende Beispielcode repliziert das oben angezeigte Middleware-System für Middleware auf Anwendungsebene:
const express = require('express');const app = express();const router = express.Router();
// a middleware function with no mount path. This code is executed for every request to the routerrouter.use((req, res, next) => { console.log('Time:', Date.now()); next();});
// a middleware sub-stack shows request info for any type of HTTP request to the /user/:id pathrouter.use( '/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl); next(); }, (req, res, next) => { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next(); });
// a middleware sub-stack that handles GET requests to the /user/:id pathrouter.get( '/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { // if the user ID is 0, skip to the next route if (req.params.id === '0') next('route'); // otherwise pass control to the next middleware function in this stack else next(); }, (req, res) => { // render a regular page res.render('regular'); });
// handler for the /user/:id path, which renders a special pagerouter.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => { console.log(req.params.id); res.render('special');});
// mount the router on the appapp.use('/', router);import express from 'express';
const app = express();const router = express.Router();
// a middleware function with no mount path. This code is executed for every request to the routerrouter.use((req, res, next) => { console.log('Time:', Date.now()); next();});
// a middleware sub-stack shows request info for any type of HTTP request to the /user/:id pathrouter.use( '/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl); next(); }, (req, res, next) => { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next(); });
// a middleware sub-stack that handles GET requests to the /user/:id pathrouter.get( '/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { // if the user ID is 0, skip to the next route if (req.params.id === '0') next('route'); // otherwise pass control to the next middleware function in this stack else next(); }, (req, res) => { // render a regular page res.render('regular'); });
// handler for the /user/:id path, which renders a special pagerouter.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => { console.log(req.params.id); res.render('special');});
// mount the router on the appapp.use('/', router);import express, { type Express, type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
const app: Express = express();const router = express.Router();
// a middleware function with no mount path. This code is executed for every request to the routerrouter.use((req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('Time:', Date.now()); next();});
// a middleware sub-stack shows request info for any type of HTTP request to the /user/:id pathrouter.use( '/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl); next(); }, (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next(); });
// a middleware sub-stack that handles GET requests to the /user/:id pathrouter.get( '/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { // if the user ID is 0, skip to the next route if (req.params.id === '0') next('route'); // otherwise pass control to the next middleware function in this stack else next(); }, (req: Request, res: Response) => { // render a regular page res.render('regular'); });
// handler for the /user/:id path, which renders a special pagerouter.get('/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response) => { console.log(req.params.id); res.render('special');});
// mount the router on the appapp.use('/', router);Skipping out of a router
Use next('router') to skip the rest of the router’s middleware functions and pass control back out of the router instance.
In the following example, the router only responds when the request includes an x-auth header. Otherwise, next('router') exits the router and the app responds with a 401 status:
const express = require('express');const app = express();const router = express.Router();
// predicate the router with a check and bail out when neededrouter.use((req, res, next) => { if (!req.headers['x-auth']) return next('router'); next();});
router.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => { res.send('hello, user!');});
// use the router and 401 anything falling throughapp.use('/admin', router, (req, res) => { res.sendStatus(401);});import express from 'express';
const app = express();const router = express.Router();
// predicate the router with a check and bail out when neededrouter.use((req, res, next) => { if (!req.headers['x-auth']) return next('router'); next();});
router.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => { res.send('hello, user!');});
// use the router and 401 anything falling throughapp.use('/admin', router, (req, res) => { res.sendStatus(401);});import express, { type Express, type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
const app: Express = express();const router = express.Router();
// predicate the router with a check and bail out when neededrouter.use((req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { if (!req.headers['x-auth']) return next('router'); next();});
router.get('/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response) => { res.send('hello, user!');});
// use the router and 401 anything falling throughapp.use('/admin', router, (req: Request, res: Response) => { res.sendStatus(401);});Fehler beim Umgang mit Middleware
Definieren Sie die Middleware-Funktionen wie andere Middleware-Funktionen außer mit vier Argumenten anstelle von drei, speziell mit der Signatur (err, req, res, next):
app.use((err, req, res, next) => { console.error(err.stack); res.status(500).send('Something broke!');});import { type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
app.use((err: Error, req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.error(err.stack); res.status(500).send('Something broke!');});Bei der Fehlerbehebung der Middleware werden immer vier Argumente verwendet. Sie müssen vier Argumente angeben, um
als Middleware-Funktion zu identifizieren. Selbst wenn du das next
Objekt nicht verwenden musst, musst du es angeben, um die Signatur zu pflegen. Andernfalls wird das next Objekt
als reguläre Middleware interpretiert und wird Fehler nicht bearbeiten.
Integrierte Middleware
Express hat die folgenden integrierten Middleware-Funktionen:
- express.static serves static assets such as HTML files, images, and so on.
- express.json parses incoming requests with JSON payloads.
- express.raw parses incoming requests with Buffer payloads.
- express.text parses incoming requests with text payloads.
- express.urlencoded parses incoming requests with URL-encoded payloads.
Drittanbieter-Middleware
Verwenden Sie Middleware von Drittanbietern, um Funktionen zu Express-Apps hinzuzufügen.
Installieren Sie das Modul Node.js für die erforderliche Funktionalität, laden Sie es dann in Ihrer App auf der Anwendungsebene oder auf der Routerebene.
Das folgende Beispiel zeigt die Installation und das Laden der Cookie-Parsing-Middleware-Funktion “cookie-parser”.
npm install cookie-parseryarn add cookie-parserpnpm add cookie-parserbun add cookie-parserconst express = require('express');const app = express();const cookieParser = require('cookie-parser');
// load the cookie-parsing middlewareapp.use(cookieParser());import express from 'express';import cookieParser from 'cookie-parser';
const app = express();
// load the cookie-parsing middlewareapp.use(cookieParser());import express, { type Express } from 'express';import cookieParser from 'cookie-parser';
const app: Express = express();
// load the cookie-parsing middlewareapp.use(cookieParser());