Usando o middleware
Express is a routing and middleware web framework with minimal functionality of its own: an Express application is essentially a series of middleware function calls executed during the request-response cycle.
Middleware functions are functions that have access to:
- The request object (
req) - The response object (
res) - The next middleware function in the application’s request-response cycle, commonly named
next
As funções do Middleware podem executar as seguintes tarefas:
- Execute qualquer código.
- Modify the request and response objects.
- Encerrar o ciclo de solicitação-resposta.
- Pass control to the next middleware function.
If a middleware function does not end the request-response cycle, it must call next() to pass control to the next middleware function. Caso contrário, o pedido ficará pendurado.
Um aplicativo Express pode usar os seguintes tipos de middleware:
Você pode carregar o nível de aplicação e middleware de nível de roteador com um caminho de montagem opcional. Multiple middleware functions can also be loaded together, which creates a middleware sub-stack at a mount point.
Midddleware no nível de aplicação
Bind application-level middleware to an instance of the app object by using the app.use() and app.METHOD() functions, where METHOD is the lowercase HTTP method of the request that the middleware function handles, such as get, post, put, or delete.
Middleware without a mount path
The following middleware function runs every time the app receives a request:
const express = require('express');const app = express();
app.use((req, res, next) => { console.log('Time:', Date.now()); next();});import express from 'express';
const app = express();
app.use((req, res, next) => { console.log('Time:', Date.now()); next();});import express, { type Express, type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
const app: Express = express();
app.use((req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('Time:', Date.now()); next();});Middleware mounted on a path
The following middleware function runs for any type of HTTP request on the /user/:id path:
app.use('/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next();});import { type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
app.use('/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next();});Manipuladores de rota
Este exemplo mostra uma rota e sua função de manipulador (sistema de middleware). A função lida com requisições GET para o caminho /user/:id.
app.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => { res.send('USER');});import { type Request, type Response } from 'express';
app.get('/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response) => { res.send('USER');});Middleware sub-stacks
Multiple middleware functions can be loaded together at a mount point to form a middleware sub-stack. This example prints request info for any type of HTTP request to the /user/:id path:
app.use( '/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl); next(); }, (req, res, next) => { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next(); });import { type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
app.use( '/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl); next(); }, (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next(); });Multiple route handlers
Os gerenciadores de rotas permitem que você defina várias rotas para um caminho. O exemplo abaixo define duas rotas para solicitações GET para o caminho /user/:id. A segunda via não causará quaisquer problemas, mas nunca será chamada, porque a primeira via termina o ciclo de resposta aos pedidos.
app.get( '/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { console.log('ID:', req.params.id); next(); }, (req, res) => { res.send('User Info'); });
// handler for the /user/:id path, which prints the user IDapp.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => { res.send(req.params.id);});import { type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
app.get( '/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('ID:', req.params.id); next(); }, (req: Request, res: Response) => { res.send('User Info'); });
// handler for the /user/:id path, which prints the user IDapp.get('/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response) => { res.send(req.params.id);});Skipping to the next route
Call next('route') to skip the remaining middleware functions in a router middleware stack and pass control to the next route.
next('rota') funcionará apenas em funções de middleware que foram carregadas usando as funções
app.METHOD() ou router.METHOD().
In the following example, if the user ID is 0, the first handler skips to the next route, which sends a special response:
app.get( '/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { // if the user ID is 0, skip to the next route if (req.params.id === '0') next('route'); // otherwise pass the control to the next middleware function in this stack else next(); }, (req, res) => { // send a regular response res.send('regular'); });
// handler for the /user/:id path, which sends a special responseapp.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => { res.send('special');});import { type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
app.get( '/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { // if the user ID is 0, skip to the next route if (req.params.id === '0') next('route'); // otherwise pass the control to the next middleware function in this stack else next(); }, (req: Request, res: Response) => { // send a regular response res.send('regular'); });
// handler for the /user/:id path, which sends a special responseapp.get('/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response) => { res.send('special');});Reusable middleware arrays
Middleware functions can also be grouped into arrays for better reusability. Este exemplo mostra um array com um sub-stack de middleware que lida com requisições GET para o caminho /user/:id
function logOriginalUrl(req, res, next) { console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl); next();}
function logMethod(req, res, next) { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next();}
const logStuff = [logOriginalUrl, logMethod];app.get('/user/:id', logStuff, (req, res) => { res.send('User Info');});import { type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
function logOriginalUrl(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) { console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl); next();}
function logMethod(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next();}
const logStuff = [logOriginalUrl, logMethod];app.get('/user/:id', logStuff, (req: Request, res: Response) => { res.send('User Info');});Midddleware nível de roteamento
Router-level middleware works the same way as application-level middleware, except it is bound to an instance of express.Router().
const router = express.Router();import express from 'express';
const router = express.Router();Carregue o middleware no nível de roteador usando as funções router.use() e router.METHOD().
O código a seguir replica o sistema middleware que é mostrado acima para o middleware no nível de aplicativos, usando o middleware no nível de roteador:
const express = require('express');const app = express();const router = express.Router();
// a middleware function with no mount path. This code is executed for every request to the routerrouter.use((req, res, next) => { console.log('Time:', Date.now()); next();});
// a middleware sub-stack shows request info for any type of HTTP request to the /user/:id pathrouter.use( '/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl); next(); }, (req, res, next) => { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next(); });
// a middleware sub-stack that handles GET requests to the /user/:id pathrouter.get( '/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { // if the user ID is 0, skip to the next route if (req.params.id === '0') next('route'); // otherwise pass control to the next middleware function in this stack else next(); }, (req, res) => { // render a regular page res.render('regular'); });
// handler for the /user/:id path, which renders a special pagerouter.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => { console.log(req.params.id); res.render('special');});
// mount the router on the appapp.use('/', router);import express from 'express';
const app = express();const router = express.Router();
// a middleware function with no mount path. This code is executed for every request to the routerrouter.use((req, res, next) => { console.log('Time:', Date.now()); next();});
// a middleware sub-stack shows request info for any type of HTTP request to the /user/:id pathrouter.use( '/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl); next(); }, (req, res, next) => { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next(); });
// a middleware sub-stack that handles GET requests to the /user/:id pathrouter.get( '/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { // if the user ID is 0, skip to the next route if (req.params.id === '0') next('route'); // otherwise pass control to the next middleware function in this stack else next(); }, (req, res) => { // render a regular page res.render('regular'); });
// handler for the /user/:id path, which renders a special pagerouter.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => { console.log(req.params.id); res.render('special');});
// mount the router on the appapp.use('/', router);import express, { type Express, type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
const app: Express = express();const router = express.Router();
// a middleware function with no mount path. This code is executed for every request to the routerrouter.use((req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('Time:', Date.now()); next();});
// a middleware sub-stack shows request info for any type of HTTP request to the /user/:id pathrouter.use( '/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl); next(); }, (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.log('Request Type:', req.method); next(); });
// a middleware sub-stack that handles GET requests to the /user/:id pathrouter.get( '/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { // if the user ID is 0, skip to the next route if (req.params.id === '0') next('route'); // otherwise pass control to the next middleware function in this stack else next(); }, (req: Request, res: Response) => { // render a regular page res.render('regular'); });
// handler for the /user/:id path, which renders a special pagerouter.get('/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response) => { console.log(req.params.id); res.render('special');});
// mount the router on the appapp.use('/', router);Skipping out of a router
Use next('router') to skip the rest of the router’s middleware functions and pass control back out of the router instance.
In the following example, the router only responds when the request includes an x-auth header. Otherwise, next('router') exits the router and the app responds with a 401 status:
const express = require('express');const app = express();const router = express.Router();
// predicate the router with a check and bail out when neededrouter.use((req, res, next) => { if (!req.headers['x-auth']) return next('router'); next();});
router.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => { res.send('hello, user!');});
// use the router and 401 anything falling throughapp.use('/admin', router, (req, res) => { res.sendStatus(401);});import express from 'express';
const app = express();const router = express.Router();
// predicate the router with a check and bail out when neededrouter.use((req, res, next) => { if (!req.headers['x-auth']) return next('router'); next();});
router.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => { res.send('hello, user!');});
// use the router and 401 anything falling throughapp.use('/admin', router, (req, res) => { res.sendStatus(401);});import express, { type Express, type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
const app: Express = express();const router = express.Router();
// predicate the router with a check and bail out when neededrouter.use((req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { if (!req.headers['x-auth']) return next('router'); next();});
router.get('/user/:id', (req: Request, res: Response) => { res.send('hello, user!');});
// use the router and 401 anything falling throughapp.use('/admin', router, (req: Request, res: Response) => { res.sendStatus(401);});Midddleware com erro manipulado
Definir funções intermediárias de manipulação de erros da mesma forma que outras funções de middleware, exceto quatro argumentos em vez de três, especificamente com a assinatura (err, req, res, next):
app.use((err, req, res, next) => { console.error(err.stack); res.status(500).send('Something broke!');});import { type Request, type Response, type NextFunction } from 'express';
app.use((err: Error, req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => { console.error(err.stack); res.status(500).send('Something broke!');});O middleware com erros de manipulação sempre toma quatro argumentos. Você deve fornecer quatro argumentos para
identificá-lo como uma função de middleware manipulação de erros. Mesmo se você não precisar usar o objeto next
, você deve especificá-lo para manter a assinatura. Caso contrário, o objeto próximo será
interpretado como um middleware regular e irá falhar em lidar com erros.
Midddleware integrado
O Express tem as seguintes funções de middleware incorporadas:
- express.static serves static assets such as HTML files, images, and so on.
- express.json parses incoming requests with JSON payloads.
- express.raw parses incoming requests with Buffer payloads.
- express.text parses incoming requests with text payloads.
- express.urlencoded parses incoming requests with URL-encoded payloads.
Midddleware de terceiros
Usar middleware de terceiros para adicionar funcionalidades a aplicativos Express.
Instale o módulo Node.js para a funcionalidade requerida e, em seguida, carregue-o em seu aplicativo ao nível do aplicativo ou no nível do roteador.
O exemplo a seguir ilustra a instalação e o carregamento da função middleware de análise de cookie-parser`.
npm install cookie-parseryarn add cookie-parserpnpm add cookie-parserbun add cookie-parserconst express = require('express');const app = express();const cookieParser = require('cookie-parser');
// load the cookie-parsing middlewareapp.use(cookieParser());import express from 'express';import cookieParser from 'cookie-parser';
const app = express();
// load the cookie-parsing middlewareapp.use(cookieParser());import express, { type Express } from 'express';import cookieParser from 'cookie-parser';
const app: Express = express();
// load the cookie-parsing middlewareapp.use(cookieParser());